Transformers are devices that transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. They are widely used in electronics for various purposes, such as stepping up or down voltages, isolating circuits, matching impedances, and converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or vice versa.
A transformer consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped around a core, usually made of iron or ferrite. The coil that receives the input voltage is called the primary winding, and the coil that delivers the output voltage is called the secondary winding. When an AC voltage is applied to the primary winding, it creates a magnetic field that induces an AC voltage in the secondary winding. The ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary windings determines the voltage transformation. For example, if the primary winding has 100 turns and the secondary winding has 50 turns, the output voltage will be half of the input voltage.
Transformers can be classified into different types based on their core shape, winding arrangement, and application. Some common types of transformers are:
- Toroidal transformer: A transformer with a doughnut-shaped core that reduces magnetic leakage and improves efficiency.
- Autotransformer: A transformer with only one winding that acts as both primary and secondary. It can only step up or down voltages within a certain range.
- Isolation transformer: A transformer with a 1:1 turn ratio that provides electrical isolation between two circuits. It can protect sensitive equipment from surges and noise.
- Impedance matching transformer: A transformer that matches the impedance of a source and a load to maximize power transfer and minimize signal loss.
- Rectifier transformer: A transformer that converts AC to DC by using diodes or other rectifying devices in the secondary circuit.
